TYPHOON

Extended Data Table 1: Multi-basin evaluation of RI cases (2024–2026)

Purpose: Demonstrate the diversity of rapid intensification events across basins, ocean environments, and intensification rates to establish a robust observational baseline.

                         Typhoon           Year             Basin Cat            RI Rate                         Key Feature                                                 Ocean Condition

                                     ERROL          2025 SI             Cat-5                84 kt/24h           Rapid RI, warm ocean conditions                  OHC > 100 kJ/cm², low wind shear

                                   HORACIO       2026 SI             Cat-5                84 kt/24h           Cat-5 storm in 2026, ocean-driven RI            Strong upper-ocean heat content and warm SST

                                    MILTON         2024 AL             Cat-5                82 kt/24h           hurricane alley effects                                    Record-level ocean heat content across the Gulf of Mexico

                                      YAGI           2024 WP            Cat-5                75 kt/24h           RI drastically in South China Sea               High ocean heat content over the northern South China Sea

                                                                                                                               after Philippine landfall wanes power 

                                      ERIN           2025 AL             Cat-5                75 kt/24h            Low wind shear combined with high              Favorable MDR (Main Development Region) conditions

                                                                                                                                       OHC and rapid translation speed

                                  RAGASA       2025 WP            Cat-5                68 kt/24h            Strongest typhoon of 2025, extreme RI         High OHC and low wind shear near the Philippines

                                     JOHN          2024 EP            Cat-3                67 kt/24h            Unusual coastal RI case                                High coastal ocean heat content and favorable conditions

                                   KRISTY         2024 EP            Cat-4                65 kt/24h            Low wind shear and abundant moisture        Warm SST over the eastern Pacific

                                   MAN-YI         2024 WP           Cat-5                65 kt/24h            Sequential typhoon occurrence                      SST recovery after the previous typhoon

                                                                                                                                      (following USAGI)

                                   USAGI          2024 WP           Cat-4                65 kt/24h            Consecutive occurrence with MAN-YI            High SST over the western Pacific

                                BOLAVEN       2023 WP           Cat-5                75 kt/24h            Intensified from Cat-1 to Cat-5 within             OHC > 100 kJ/cm², low wind shear and strong upper-ocean                                                                                                                                      12 hours after passing near the Mariana         heat

                                                                                                                                      Islands

                               KONG-REY     2024 WP            Cat-5                60 kt/24h            Presence of cold wake along storm track       SST 29–30°C, high OHC near the Philippines

                                NEOGURI      2025 WP            Cat-4                 55 kt/24h           Developed near Wake Island, rapidly              SST 29–30°C, high OHC in the North Pacific

                                                                                                                                     intensified after crossing 40°N 

                                KRATHON     2024 WP            Cat-4                 55 kt/24h           Reached Cat-4 within 2 days                           High OHC and low wind shear near the Philippines

                                 HALONG      2025 WP            Cat-4                 49 kt/24h           RI occurred near Iwo Jima, followed                High OHC over the western Pacific and moderate wind 

                                                                                                                                     by rapid intensification                                     shear

                               KALMAEGI    2025 WP            Cat-4                 41 kt/24h           Rainfall increased by ~3% (6 km),                    High OHC near the Philippines, influence of climate change

                                                                                                                                     wind speed increased by ~8.6%

                                                                                                                                     ; severe damage in the Philippines

                                  GAEMI        2024 WP            Cat-4                 40 kt/24h           Rapid RI after ERC completion and                  High SST and elevated OHC

                                                                                                                                    pinhole eye formation

                            FUNG-WONG  2025 WP            Cat-4                  39 kt/24h                                    --                                               High OHC and weak wind shear near the Philippines

                              SHANSHAN   2024 WP            Cat-4                  35 kt/24h          RI near the Amami Islands,                               SST ~30°C, high OHC and low wind shear near the                                                                                                                                                                  slow translation speed                                       Philippines

                                  AMPIL        2024 WP            Cat-3                  30 kt/24h                                   --                                               High OHC and low wind shear over the western Pacific